The MISSED Framework for Women

Bladder conditions we
keep missing in women

Seven overlapping conditions that are routinely misdiagnosed, undertreated, or dismissed in women's healthcare — where IC/BPS alone affects women 5–10 times more often than men. Each falls within one or more categories of the MISSED diagnostic framework.

I — Interstitial

Interstitial Cystitis / Bladder Pain Syndrome (IC/BPS)

The primary chronic bladder condition in women, characterized by bladder pain, urgency, and frequency without identifiable infection or other obvious pathology.

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I — Interstitial

Bladder Pain Syndrome

A broader diagnostic category, seen mostly in women, encompassing chronic bladder pain with associated urinary symptoms, where IC/BPS criteria may not yet be fully met.

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M — Microbiome / Mast Cell

Mast Cell Cystitis

Bladder inflammation in women driven by elevated mast cell density in the detrusor, causing histamine-mediated urgency, burning, and frequency.

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M — Missed / Structural

Radiation Cystitis

Late-onset bladder damage in women following pelvic radiotherapy for cervical, endometrial, or rectal cancers, causing chronic inflammation and bleeding.

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M — Missed

Hemorrhagic Cystitis

Bladder bleeding in women arising from radiation, chemotherapy, or immune triggers, causing significant morbidity and often misdiagnosed as recurrent UTI.

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D — Dysbiosis / Structural

Neurogenic Bladder

Bladder dysfunction in women from neurological causes where altered innervation leads to storage and voiding dysfunction, often masking co-existing urothelial conditions.

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M — Missed / Early Stage

Bladder Sensitivity Syndrome

Early-stage bladder hypersensitivity in women before formal IC/BPS diagnosis — the greatest prevention opportunity.

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Treatment begins with the right diagnosis for women

Many of these conditions respond to GAG layer restoration therapy. Explore the treatment pathway and the role of Elmiron® in managing IC/BPS in women.